Hanna Rosti, Janne Heiskanen, Simon Bearder, Benson Lombo, Henry Pihlström, Petri Pellikka & Jouko Rikkinen
A) Taita dwarf galago from Mbololo forest, B) Taita dwarf galago from Ngangao forest, C) Kenya coast dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos) from Diani Beach, D) Kenya coast dwarf galago from Shimba Hills National Reserve.
Taxonomy of Taita dwarf galagos are still pending on DNA sample.
Reasons why Taita dwarf galago may be new primate species:
It lives in the elevations between 1550 and 1970 meters, where as Kenya coast dwarf galago has previously been found at highest from elevation 350 m.
The environment high up in the mountain is severely colder, and trees are much bigger.
Populations have been isolated for a very long time. Possibly arount 0.8-2 million years.
Why Taita dwarf galago may be same species as Kenya coast dwarf galagos:
Acoustic calls are quite similar, not completely, by quite close.
Dwarf galagos feed on insects, and insects should be, nutritiously, quite similar.
Long isolation time doesn’t always mean speciation, if species has not had the need to change to survive.
Kenya coast dwarf galago from Diani Beach. They too are under severe danger of going extinct, as the indigenous forests have been cleared.
Spectrograms of the dwarf galago contact calls, up left Mbololo, up right Ngangao, down left Diani, down right Shimba Hills.
It seems, that typically in the contact calls have two connecting syllables. At the coast it typically (but not always) leads to longer incremental tail.
Mbololo dwarf galago is shy, and to my belief only few people, including me and my two assistants (Benson and Darius) have seen it. And these are only photographs of the Mbololo dwarf ever taken.
I sincerely hope that dwarf galago will have a future in Mbololo forest.
Dwarfs in Taita Hills are heading for extinction!
There is less than 10 individuals left in Ngangao forest.
In Mbololo, my rought guess is that there is about 50 individuals left.
Considering how different factors may kill individuals, these include predators, diseases, accidents, inbreeding…
This is not enough for healthy population.
Size of both forest has to be increased.
During 2023 I have done fieldwork in many different forests of East Africa. Comparing these forests to general conditions of forests in East Africa, these are the best forests.
Ngangao and Mbololo are primary forests, and this is very, very rare! Conservation and increase of the forest size should be of highest conservation priority.
Dwarf galago from Ngangao forest, Taita Hills, Kenya
Two remaining “larger” forests in Taita Hills are Mbololo 180 ha and Ngangao 120 ha. Taken together these forests are only three square kilometers in size.
View to the canopy in Mbololo Forest
But they are full of amazing forms of life. Many (most) of them critically endangered, as their habitat, indigenous cloud forest has been almost entirely lost from Taita Hills.
These remaining forests could be made national park, as their biodiversity is astounding. Value of these forests as water towers and biodiversity hot spots are priceless.
Threats for Ngangao and Mbololo Forests
Even thought these forests have been conserved in some level they do still deteriorate due to human activities: harvesting of firewood, some (not much) illegal logging, and poaching.
Reduction of rainfall. Previously large cloud forests would draw and collect moisture, and this rainfall would deliver water to large areas surrounding the Taita Hills. Now these small forest fragments don’t have that kind of rainfall pull they used to have.
Edge effects, these are tied to both previous reasons for the deterioration of the forests. As these forests are small, and particularly Ngangao is very narrow, the forest that remains most intact, protected from edge effects is small. People come in from the edges, and this is where most damage is done.
Ocotea usambarensis tree being cut illegally in January 2022. This tree doesn’t reproduce anymore in Taita Hills. It may have lost its pollinator. Only few Ocoteas remain in Taita Hills, as timber is very valuable and bark has medicinal properties.Ngangao Forest from Google Earth satellite image in April 2022. Forest is narrow, and only about 100 meters wide in the most narrow parts. Forest animals are isolated to this forest like island in the sea. They have no changes of dispersal to the other forests. It is possible that forest will simply dry out.
Means for conservation:
Increasing number of indigenous trees in all Taita Hills. Naturally increasing the size of the forest would have biggest impact, but any and all indigenous trees growing in local peoples land would be important addition.
Protection of the forests from firewood collection. It is very difficult to draw the line what is too much firewood collection. These forests are in such a state, that they should be conserved entirely. There are other means of cooking available. Sometimes firewood collection may be consequence of poverty, but to my understanding in these days it is more often result of doing things the way they were done before, some dishes taste better when cooked with wood (at least that is what people believe).
Increase in ecotourism. If these forests are conserved with their amazing species, galagos, tree hyraxes and endemic birds, they can be magnificent source of income to local people. This could provide number of different job opportunities. I have written a article about that: Enigmatic nocturnal mammals of Taita Hills and their potential role in sustainable eco-tourism Naturally, if these forests and their animals are lost, so is the opportunity for ecotourism.
View from top of Nganagao Forest. All these hills used to be covered with 30 million year old forests.
Biodiversity hot spots
Biodiversity of fauna and flora in the Mbololo and Nganago forests is perhaps higher than anywhere else in the world. Gigantic trees, eg. Pauterias can reach 50 meters.
Key tree species in these forests are e.g. Tabernaemontana stapfliana, Pouteria adolfi-friedericii and Macaranga capensis.
Trunk of Pouteria adolfi-friedericii
These trees support life in all their levels and these forests are like cities with skyscrapers where each floor have their own inhabitants and families.
Taita Hills is famous of the endemic birds, these include Taita trush and Taita apalis. Unfortunately especially Taita apalis is declining.
Taita trush at night
Harlaubs turaco is commonly seen and even more often heard in the forest. With its black and red colouring and calls that I often confuse with sykes monkeys calls it is fascinating bird.
Butterfly and moth biodiversity is also amazing. Ngangao peaks are amazing sites to follow butterfly topping. Butterflies, some large like birds, in all colors fly playfully competing with one another over the top over and over again. That is truly fascinating to watch.
Erebus walkeri, large moth that lives in Mbololo and Ngangao
Biodiversity of nocturnal mammals
Nocturnal mammals, that no-one can not avoid to hear in the forests of Taita Hills are Taita tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax sp.) and small eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii).
Sweet and special – Taita tree hyrax from Mbololo
Dwarf galagos are incredible insectivores living in Ngangao and Mbololo forests. They may new species for the science. They may be differents species in Ngangao and in Mbololo forests.
Dwarf galago from Ngangao Forest, where less than 10 individuals are trying to survive.
Greater galago has adapted to live in villages and gardens, and it is easy to see. Interestingly greater galagos in Taita Hills have great variation in their coloring, some individuals are whitish with white tail and many of them are dark with black tip in the tail. There are also differences in the size and behavior.
Taita tree hyrax is very likely still officially undescribed species for the science. Its striking calls begin in the evening at 19 and ends at 06 in the morning.
Sengi is in danger and almost extinct because it is easy pray for the dogs. January 2022.
The most interesting time to be in the forest is dusk and dawn. At those times one can observe change of sift between diurnal and nocturnal animals. Especially at dawn this moment is simply magical with first rays of light penetrating to the foggy cloud forest.
Mbololo Forest at dawn
Other nocturnal animals, that are more rare and more shy, are dwarf galagos (Paragalago sp.), genet, white tail mongoose and suni antilope.
Hanna Rosti, Janne Heiskanen, Simon Bearder, Petri Pellikka and Jouko Rikkinen
Dwarf galago (Paragalago sp.) from Ngangao Forest in January 2022Spectrogram from incremental call from NgangaoMbololo dwarf galago, Paragalago sp. Photo Hanna Rosti, September 2021.
Calls from Mbololo Paragalagos:
Spectrogram from Mbololo ParagalagoParagalago cocos, Diani beach. Photo Hanna Rosti September 2021.Spectrogram from Paragalago cocos from Diani beach
Kenya coast dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos) in Diani Beach
This tiny primate goes unnoticed by perhaps to almost all visitors in Diani Beach. When people see it for the first time it feels incredible. It is a very special moment.
In Diani Beach dwarf galagos are living on the last small fragments of indigenous forest. Most of that forest has been cleared. Diani beach is densely populated and the beach is filled by hotels.
Dwarf galagos hunt insects in the tickets of the indigenous forest
Few hotels have kept their indigenous forest. And now these forests are packed with animals. At night active are coastal sunis (tiny antelopes), genets, greater galagos and these dwarf galagos.
Are these small forest fragments enough to keep these populations alive in a long run, I guess nobody knows.
Kenya coast dwarf galagos are living on the very last fragments of indigenous forest in Diani Beach.
Dwarf galagos feed mainly on insects. In Diani Beach, indigenous forests are filled with insects of different kinds throughout the year.
Other nocturnal species from forests of Diani Beach
Also small eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii) is common in Diani Beach and many hotels feed them in the evening with fruits. Bananas are favourite fruit of these cute primates
Greater galagos in by the pool enjoying their plate of fruits
EXTINCT (EX): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax sp.) Taita Hills, Kenya. This is most likely undescribed species for the science and thus doesn’t have IUCN assessment.
ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.
NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
Critically Endangered (CR) vultures, Rüppells Vulture (Gyps rueppelli) and White-Backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) feeding on cow that has been killed by lions in Lumo conservancy Kenya in 2021.
Taita tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax sp.) and Taita dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos) fulfill following criteria for Critically Endangered species.
MORE DETAILED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years based on direct observation, decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible.
B. Geographic range
Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2
Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals or
A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
How IUCN assessment and criteria is made?
UCN criteria are made based on peer reviewed scientific journals, and they are written by top scientist of the species. Before IUCN assessment can be done, species must be scientifically identified and named.
Assessment is based on research. Collecting substantial knowledge, preferably long-term knowledge of each species in the planet is not always possible. Species are very different, and methods that different species are studied vary accordingly. There is lack of data on most nocturnal animals, simply because they are so difficult to study.
Publishing scientific articles is time consuming and expensive. It means that species may go extinct, or their IUCN status may change faster than can be noticed, as humans are changing Earth in ever-growing speed.
Critically Endangered (CR) Taita thrush (Turdus helleri) from Taita Hills. Number of mature individuals 930.
Taita tree hyrax and Taita dwarf galago are already CR Critically endangered
However, Taita tree hyrax and Taita dwarf galago don’t yet have any IUCN criteria. In Taita Hills there is about 6 km2 of indigenous tropical cloud forest left. This means that these species are Critially Endangered based on B2, area of occupancy less than 10 km2.
Forests that are left in Taita Hills are severely fragmented, and not connected to each other. So they are like islands in the sea. Forests are remaining in the mountain tops of Taita Hills, and they are also called water towers, as local people understand the ability of indigenous forest of attract rainwater.
Most of Taita Hills forest have been cleared for agriculture and exotic tree (Eucalyptus, cyprus, pine etc.) plantations during last 100 years.
Largest forest fragments are Mbololo 1,8 km2, and Ngangao 1,2 km2 and Chawia 0,8 km2. These are very small forests – all of them. Only Mbololo and Ngangao still have dwarf galago populations. Tree hyrax is more common, and it also survives in smaller fragments.
These severy fragmented forests are still source of firewood for some local people. A price of electricity is very high in Kenya, and using gas is also too expensive to some people. Firewood is used for cooking. Collection of firewood decreases quality of the forest, and signs are clearly visible on the edges and around paths inside the forest.
This Kenya coast dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos), is interesting relict population from wider range of Kenya coast dwarf galago. Other populations are living in coast of Kenya. But in Taita Hills, it is only living on two mountain tops.
Populations are what matter!
All populations are worth conservation. Before species go extinct, population number may even increase in some area, if habitats are destroyed and animals are packed in remaining habitat. This is called extinction debt. Competition in remaining habitat will decrease number of animals.
If we wait with conservation efforts until 90 % of population is lost, it is too late!
Forms of life are connected to each other. What happens to one species, happens to many species. This is because species use other species as food sources and rely on other species as their habitat, reproduction, safety and habitat.
The web of life can decrease in countless ways that humans are unable to monitor, even with most high quality research.
In a another words, we can’t predict consequences to other species caused by one species of animal going Critically Endangered or Extinct.
All populations should be conserved in a level, where they have genetic biodiversity, resilience to changes and disease, capability to reproduce normally.
IUCN guidelines are necessary tool to evaluate and compare situations where species are.
However, more awareness should be given to each population, and conservation before species is Critically Endangered.
We are living sixth mass extinction, our responsibility is to protect other species, and keep populations of other species alive, resilient and strong.
Taita white-eye (Zosterops silvanus) is categorized as Endangered (EN) by IUCN.
Short video introduction to tree hyraxes, with unique footage
Video of tree hyraxes filmed at night with night binoculars
As far as we know this is first video of tree hyraxes filmed at night. Tree hyraxes in East Africa are extremely shy, and difficult to observe. Usually they vanish in to the canopy when seen, or before humans can see them.
Mwalua Wildlife Trust was founded by Patrick Kilonzo to provide drinking water for animals suffering from lack of water during the dry season. As Water for Elephants has been success, many more work needs to be done. Volunteers from all over the world are welcome to join
Test if you identify animals from thermal imaging camera. Animals in the video are nocturnal and live in indigenous cloud forests of Taita Hills, Kenya. These animals are surviving on the last fragments of indigenous forest.
Tsavo West is one of most beautiful places in the world. And one of world largest conservation areas. This short film introduces scenery of Tsavo West and its most common animals. Peter also visits Chaimu crater and Mzima springs.
Article published 14.12.2020 in MDPI journal Diversity
This article describes acoustic communication of Taita tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax), dwarf galago (Paragalago) populations living in Taita Hills and small-eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii lasiotis) population.
This article is written by Hanna Rosti, Jouko Rikkinen, Henry Pihlström, Simon Bearder and Petri Pellikka.
Main findings:
Tree hyraxes from Taita Hills most likely belong to previously undescribed species. This is based on call named ‘strangled thwack’ that is not heard from other tree hyrax species.
Tree hyrax female from Taita Hills
Spectrogram image of strangled thwack
Sound sample of strangled thwack
2. Taita tree hyraxes sing, these songs may last more than 12 minutes. In these songs several different syllables are combined in different order. Most likely these songs are used by males to attract females.
Tree hyrax song sample from Taita Hills
3. The other dwarf galago population is Kenya coast dwarf galago population (Paragalago cocos). This population is almost extinct with only about 10 individuals.
Kenya coast dwarf galago is living on mountain of Taita Hills.
Spectrogam of dwarf galago calls from Taita Hills
Recording from population believed to be Kenya coast dwarf galago in Taita Hills
4. Small-eared greater galagos in Taita Hills belong to subspecies Otolemur garnettii lasiotis. This was confirmed by comparing acoustical analysis from different subspecies.
Young male O. g. lasiotis with very white tail from Taita Hills
African wood owl looking for Taita mountain dwarf galago, that just escaped from him.
In Taita Hills of Kenya African wood owl (Strix woodfordii) is quite common. Owl couple keep contact with each other by calling. Interestingly male and female can counter call with similar calls, or female may use different call.
African wood owl from Ngangao Forest Taita Hills in 2019.
Counter calling of African wood owl couple from Taita Hills.
African wood owl male and female counter calling
Male makes a series of rapid, clear hoots, and the female answers with higher pitched, more leisurely hoots.
This is spectrogram of the part of calling sequence above made with Raven 1.6 Pro. On vertical axel you can see frequency and on horizontal axel the time. African wood owl hoots have fundamental (lowest) harmonic (lowest line) bellow 1 kHz. Calls coming near the recorder have stronger spectrogram. Above African wood owl there is another bird? with long chirr, and above that there are cicadas. So owls and cicadas can be easily heard simultaneously, as they use different frequencies.
Different call of a female African wood owl from Taita Hills
Hoot of a African wood owl female with nice lowering pitchSpectrogram of a female African wood owl, a single hoof with slight rise in the middle. Given also as a response to call above. Call is using frequency about one kHz. Black belt between 5-12 kHz are cicada choir.
African wood owls in Taita Hills are about the size of the crow, 30-35 cm, weighing 240-350 grams. African wood owl eats mainly insects.
African wood owl looking for prey. Taita Hills 2019.
They can’t see red flashlight, which has enabled me to watch them without them without owls paying any attention for me.
African wood owl looking for insects or small mammals to prey on. Taita Hills 2019.
Mainly insectivorous, however they also catch small mammals… In Taita Hills African wood owls hunt also Taita mountain dwarf galagos that are almost extinct. For dwarf galagos this owl may be the ultimate reason for extinction.
From the behind coloring has beautiful shades of brown. Taita Hills 2019.
Reason for extremely low population numbers in dwarf galagos is loss of habitat, as forests have been cleared for fields. However, in these small remaining patches of forest, the probability of dwarf galago being hunted by wood owl increases. They share same territories every night. Dwarf galagos are dependent on refugee sites in hollow trees. Only very old trees are have hollows or are completely hollow.
Distribution and conservation status
African wood owl has extremely large distribution in Africa. Conservation status is Least Concern LC. Populations seem to be stable. However there is no long term research about the species
Distribution map of African wood owl by BirdLife International. BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Strix woodfordii. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 08/05/2020.
Geographic range from Avibase with four subspecies: These subspecies have considerable differences in their coloration.
Strix woodfordii woodfordii: southern Angola to southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern Tanzania, Botswana, and South Africa
Strix woodfordii nuchalis: Senegambia and Bioko Island to South Sudan, Uganda, western Democratic Republic of the Congo, and northern Angola
Strix woodfordii umbrina: Ethiopia and eastern South Sudan
Strix woodfordii nigricantior: southern Somalia to Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
African wood owl has horizontal stripes. Taita Hills 2019.
Taxonomy
Genus Strix was created by Linnaeus 1758 for earless owls. Strix owls do not have ear tufts. There are 22 species of genus Strix in the world. They are medium to large in size and live in forests. Strix owls are found around the world. African wood owl has four subspecies as described earlier.
Here is Ural owl (Strix uralensis) from my home. This owl was found dead by my father in Finland 1970 and stuffed. Ural owl is much bigger than African wood owl. In Finland these owls are known for their strong protective behavior against people who put rings to baby owls feet.As an adaptation to cold climate the feet have feathers also.
African wood owl scratching his ear. Taita Hills 2019.
In Taita Hills there is small primate species that was first seen in 2002 and then no observations were made until 2018. In 2023 we failed to find it from Ngangao forest.
Dwarf galagos hunt insects by jumping from small tree to another like its relatives makis in Madagascar. Photo Rosti 2019.
This tiny -only 100-180 grams weighing dwarf galago eats insects in the hearts of most pristine parts of indigenous forests.
Oryx – the International Journal of Conservation published 11.2020 conservation news about Taita mountain dwarf galago: Taita mountain dwarf galago is extant in Taita Hills of Kenya https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531900142X
Cryptic dwarf galagos have intriguing hand morphology. Photo Rosti 2019.
Researcher from Nocturnal Primates Research Group identified calls of Taita mountain dwarf galago as Kenya Coast Dwarf Galago (Paragalago cocos). However these populations have been isolated for millions of years and live in completely different habitat. At the coast forest is low and temperatures high, in the mountains forest is high and temperatures low. All tree species are different between these forests. It seems that dwarf galagos in Taita Hills are relict population of once wider distribution of Kenya coast dwarf galagos.
Dwarf galago species are cryptic, meaning that they all look almost the same. Their vocal communication reveals the species, in the darkness of the forest, vocal communication is most important means of communication.
There is urgent need for conservation of forests and replanting of indigenous trees in Taita Hills.
Tree hyraxes of Taita Hills are new species for the science
This is first picture ever taken from Taita tree hyrax. They are highly vocal, but difficult to find. Photo Rosti 2019
Tree hyraxes of Taita Hills should be conserved as Critically Endangered species
Both species are dependent of indigenous trees as their habitat. Dwarf galagos eat insects and tree hyraxes eat leaves of indigenous trees. Both are dependent on tree cavities for daytime shelter.
How these species were found
Mysterious cryptic dwarf galagos was mentioned first in article in Journal of East African Natural History 91: 1–13 (2002) by Andrew Perkin, Thomas Butynski, Simon Bearder, Bernard Agwanda and Benny Bytebier 2002. Nothing happened after the article and nobody knew if this species existed any more.
Taita Hills research station has been the base of the research. Director of research station and professor of Helsinki University Petri Pellikka has contributed enormously to this research even before the beginning.
Professor from University of Helsinki, Jouko Rikkinen told me about this species, as he had been intrigued by it and its survival for years. Professor Rikkinen has been studying biodiversity of Taita Hills since 2009. Knowledge and insights of Jouko Rikkinen has been backbone of this research.
In August 2018 I began searching for these small primates, as no-one knew about their fate. My assistant in the forest was and still is Benson Mwakachola. He has been reliable and supportive companion in sometimes challenging conditions.
After search for several nights, we got super lucky and tiny animal with reddish eyes were looking at us in just few meters away. This dwarf galago seemed interested about us. And we were so happy to see it.
Emeritus professor Simon Bearder from Oxford Brookes University has contributed in many ways as he is expert on nocturnal mammals and primatology. Simon had been one of writers of first article about Taita mountain dwarf galago in 2002.
From the recordings Simon Bearder, who has 40 years of experience from nocturnal animal research in Africa, understood that tree hyrax in Taita Hills is different species than it had been thought to be.
News in Daily Mail: Adorable 3.5OUNCE African primate the Taita mountain dwarf galago is caught on camera for the first time in nearly 20 years as the species faces extinction
Animals of Taita, Kenya 